Essay - 880 Words

The year 2017 was a productive and fulfilling year. I continued to publish articles; participated in a number of conferences, both nationally and internationally; got a contract for a scholarly book with the University of California Press and two contracts for textbooks—one in English and the other in Arabic. I also continued to be the co-editor of Jerusalem Quarterly. Furthermore, I o-curated an exhibition, and served as a book referee for Princeton University Press. On teaching and service level, I taught a number of classes here at ISU and at Qatar University, and was active in committee work, be it at ISU, Qatar University, or elsewhere on voluntary basis. A great deal of my time in 2017 was devoted to research. I have a number of†¦show more content†¦In terms of published chapters, I have submitted a number of articles for publication, they include: â€Å"Bearers of Memory: Photo Albums as Sources of Historical Study in Palestine†; â€Å"The Pasha’s Official Photographer(s): The Picturing the Fourth Army’s Suez Campaign†; and â€Å"The Wasif Jawharriyeh Collection: Illustrating Jerusalem during the first half of the 20th century.† The books will be out in 2018, and the detailed information is available on my CV, enclosed with this report. I also published one article in Ostour Journal for Historical Studies entitled â€Å"History and Nationalism: The Case of Palestine,† and another that will appear in The Journal for Palestine Studies in 2018, entitled â€Å"Sykes-Picot and Palestine.† I also published an essay in the guidebook of the Palestinian museum entitled â€Å"A Brief History of Photography in Palestine.† In addition, I co-curated, with Ariella Azoulay, the â€Å"Time Travelers in Palestine,† exhibition that opened in March at Brown University’s Watson Institute. I wrote the catalogue essay for the exhibition. On the academic front, also is my participation in conferences, symposia, and the invited presentations I gave. I was a guest speaker at events in Germany, France, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Qatar, the UK, as well as the US. In terms of service, I am currently on two departmental committees at ISU: DFSC and the search committee for the position of early modern historian of Europe. Outside of the department, I was a member of theShow MoreRelatedWhat Is an Essay?1440 Words   |  6 PagesBuscemi Essay #3 Rough Draft An essay is a creative written piece in which the author uses different styles such as diction, tone, pathos, ethos or logos to communicate a message to the reader using either a personal experience, filled with morals and parables, or a informative text filled with educational terms. Educational terms could mean the usage of complicated and elevated words or simply information you would get in schools. Some authors, such as Cynthia Ozick, claim that an essay has noRead Morenarrative essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesNarrative Essay A Brief Guide to Writing Narrative Essays Narrative writing tells a story. In essays the narrative writing could also be considered reflection or an exploration of the author s values told as a story. The author may remember his or her past, or a memorable person or event from that past, or even observe the present. When you re writing a narrative essay, loosen up. After all, you re basically just telling a story to someone, something you probably do every day in casual conversationRead MoreApplication Essay : A Process Essay770 Words   |  4 Pagesassign an essay. The entire class lets out a groan that could be heard from miles away, however this doesn’t phase your professor. The essay is assigned: a process essay. Now what? What is a process essay? How do you go about writing one? How do you get the A you so desperately need? This paper will discuss everything one needs to know in order to write the perfect process essay such as the definition of a process essay, how to construct it, and how to use proper transitions to make the essay flow. Read MoreEssay763 Words   |  4 PagesCan’t be Built on Soccer Fever† and â€Å"Na Na Na Na, Hey Hey, Goodbye† In Jonathan Zimmerman’s essay â€Å"African National Identities Can’t Be Built on Soccer Fever† he describes how soccer brings the people of Africa together. He talks about the unity of Africans and how much soccer is a part of their lives. He also describes the underlying reason of why soccer is so heavily pushed. The perspective in the essay â€Å"Na Na Na Na, Hey Hey, Goodbye† Tim Bowling discusses his passion for hockey and his hate forRead MoreThe Colonel Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesIn the essay, The Colonel, Michael Hogan illustrates the importance of the influential sport of tennis. Hogan writes about how tennis changed his life from an early age. When he was younger he saw tennis as a rich mans sport in which he had no interest. One of his much-respected neighbors, the colonel, approached Hogan’s father with the idea that his son might like to learn how to play tennis. After pondering the thought with his father, Hogan decided to take t he offer. The Colonel became his mentorRead MorePersuasive Essays : Persuasive Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesbegan this class, I loved to write persuasive essays. I loved to write about my own opinions and I was quite good at convincing people to agree with my stand points. To convince others to agree on my point of view was an extraordinary feeling. I am very good at getting my point across and giving my reasons on why I feel the way I do about a certain situation. I loved writing persuasive essays because I love to read them as well. I love how persuasive essays have a call-to-action; giving the readers aRead MoreEnglish Composition One: To Be an Essay or Not to Be an Essay That Is the Question910 Words   |  4 Pages In the past, the mention to have to write a paper for an assignment caused me to break out in a sweat or my mouth instantly dries, well it does not have that kind of effect on me anymore. 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Ex. 9 Analyzing students’ essays. Use the assignment and the Student Essays to answer the following questions. Assignment: Computers have become an important part of educational process. Write convincing illustration to this statement. Use specific and convincing examples and details. Student Essay 1 Computer as a multipurpose universal instrument of education. In our days computers have become an importantRead More Community Essay843 Words   |  4 Pagesan important effect on the shaping of a person’s character is key in both Pythia Peay’s essay, â€Å"Soul Searching† and Winona LaDuke’s interview transcribed in essay form entitled, â€Å"Reclaiming Culture and the Land: Motherhood and the Politics of Sustaining Community†. The two authors present ideas, similar and different, of what it means to live in and be a part of community. Through examining these two essays, summarizing and synthesizing, we can gain a better understanding of what community is and

Domestic Violence Against Men By Suzanne Steinmetz

The earliest literature reference to domestic violence against men can be found in the studies of Suzanne Steinmetz (1977,1978) entitled, â€Å"The Battered Husband Syndrome.† She hypothesizes that the incidents of husband-on-wife beatings rivals the incidents of wife perpetrated batterings, and that it was husband abuse not wife abuse that was underreported form of domestic violence. Steinmetz used two United States populations, a broadband nonrepresentative group and a random sample in New Castle, Delaware in the form of police reports and family surveys. The small study found only small differences in the percent of men and women who resorted to violence in the context of pushing, shoving, or hitting with hands or an object. This suggested early on that domestic violence is not a one way street. Husband beating is a serious issue and needs attention due to the fact that it is grossly underreported. Steinmetz received numerous criticism from her colleagues on this concep t. In later studies, Murray Straus, Richard Gelles, and Suzanne Steinmetz (1980), authors of the book, Behind Closed Doors: Violence in The American Family, supports Steinmetz’s earlier studies in finding that women acted violently during marital affairs compared to a similar number of men who act violently in the United States. The study used 2,413 family surveys, finding in majority of them that the level of violence was a mutual or bilateral activity, with only 27% of cases finding that husbands were theShow MoreRelatedDomestic Bias Of Domestic Violence1659 Words   |  7 Pages Domestic Bias in Violence Unprovoked battering. Over the years the term domestic violence has been given mass popularity in society. This is due to the many highly publicized events ranging from the Ray Rice’s abuse charges all the way to the murder trial of O.J. Simpson. The term domestic violence has emerged from a vow of silence in households to a prevalent discussion that has flourished throughout society. Or has it? Yes, domestic violence has been recognized as an issue in society. This hasRead MoreEssay Domestic Violence Against Men2504 Words   |  11 PagesThe first reaction upon hearing about the topic of battered men, for many people, is that of incredulity. Battered husbands are a topic for jokes (such as the cartoon image of a woman chasing her husband with a rolling-pin). One researcher noted that wives were the perpetrators in 73% of the depictions of domestic violence in newspaper comics (Saenger 1963). Battered husbands have historically been either ignored or subjected to ridicule and abuse. In 18th-century France, a battered husband wasRead MoreDomestic Violence: Beyond Patriarchy3825 Words   |  16 PagesDomestic Violence: Beyond Patriarchy In the Beginning The Battered Womens movement of the 1970s enlightened society about a much secreted, and what at the time, was considered a family matter, that of violence against women by their male intimate partners. Many lives have been saved as a direct result of societys public awareness of this much-hidden scourge on our families. Federal and state laws prohibiting Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) have been enacted, and funding has been put in place

Illegal Immigration, good or bad Free Essays

Illegal immigration has been going on for hundreds of years already. But, over the years it has been increasing dramatically. Illegal immigrants have been poured across the border to grab agricultural jobs during the worker shortages precipitated by World War II. We will write a custom essay sample on Illegal Immigration, good or bad? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ranchers and farmers along the border prospered from the influx of cheap labor and they did everything in their power to keep illegal aliens from being deported Today, however, we find that immigration is not seen as a positive for our country, but rather it is unquestionably considered a problem today in America. Some may believe that the threat of illegal immigrants is based on unsound fears. But in my opinion most illegal immigrants come here to live a better life than they lived in the country they lived in before. Most suffer where they used to live, therefore, they decide to move somewhere where they think the economy is better and they will have a better opportunity to get a job, and live a better life. Many believe that its unfair that low-income immigrants receive public benefits such as Supplemental Assistance Nutrition Program (SNAP) at lower rate than low-income born citizens. Many people say that immigrants use more public benefits than the native born. This has created a lot of serious and unfair burden for citizens. All illegal immigrants enter a country they’re not from thinking that if they don’t they won’t be able to give their kids a better life and better education opportunities. There are currently almost 12 million illegal immigrants in America. How to cite Illegal Immigration, good or bad?, Papers

Amway in China free essay sample

Q1 Why is it important for Amway to be good corporate citizen in China? Can â€Å"doing good† overcome negative or inaccurate perceptions of the direct selling industry in China? It is important for Amway to be a good corporate citizen in China. It is because Amway would like to change the perception of multilevel marketing/ direct sell. The Chinese officials interpreted the direct selling as â€Å"passing product from one layer of participants to another layer of participants, with product price increased at each layer†. In another words, they think that the end consumer pay more than the actual product value. And in certain extend, it reflect also the general perception of Chinese citizens on Amway. As a result, even Amway claimed that they are more concern about the product quality instead of business license, but people just simply by pass this point. Being a good corporate citizen can change the image of Amway, showing Amway care about the Chinese, not just their m oney. We will write a custom essay sample on Amway in China or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Secondly it is a kind of compromise with China officials, to exchange an authorization from them to allow Amway to continue the business in a legal way. Continuously convincing China official to modify the regulations, allowing Amway in certain extends, to do direct sales business in China. Thirdly, being a good â€Å"Corporate Citizen†, staying close with China officials, knowing the most updated regulation in the quickest way. Having chance to negotiate with China official about how to adopt the new regulations. From the result of Amway turnover and the sales network expansion in greater China, yes, they have overcome the bad image of direct sales. Amway shows their intension to become a member of China, building up their manufacturing plants, creating job opportunities to China people, helping China in the case of joining WTO. Giving China people an impression that they are no just a foreign company who just want to make profit from Chain, but also to invest growth together with China people. Q2 To what degree has Amway standardized its brand globally? How has it adopted its promotion strategy to local conditions in China? Despite of the product quality, another core part of the Amway brand is the multilevel direct sell, which they believe it is where the profit lie. They think that letting people to set up their own selling network, own selling team, getting profit/commission/compensation base on their effort and result, are the most effective way to generate business. Amway views their product portfolio in terms of the way in which products support the business opportunity. The intention of Amway to maintain this kind of business model can be seem from the way that Amway to do business in China. With the government regulation, Amway have changed the way to do business in China. However, they are in a way that not directly hiring the staff to sell the product. Instead, they give their â€Å"agents† compensation base on team performance and own sales result. After the China official first announced the restriction of direct sales, Amway has set up a nationwide network of retail outlet, act as the bases for the direct sellers to promote the items. Giving each product a retail price and letting the registered direct seller to have discount from the retail price. The registered direct sellers can get their own profit for the different between retail prices and discount price. With the reinforcement of the regulation, Amway further modified the business model by recruiting sales representatives to promote their products and getting compensation base on performance and result. At the same time, Amway has done more advertisement, which could help the sales representative to generate the business. Q3 What options does Amway have to address the new regulations on direct selling in China? What are the advantages and disadvantages associated with each? To address the new regulations, Amway has: 1). Setting up retail location, the major reason/advantage is that it could let Amway to get business license and continuous business in China. On the other hand, it helps Amway to set up national sales network also. However, it can be easily understand that the cost to maintain and expand the retail shop will be high. 2). Setting up recruit system, which help Amway to get the business license, and at the same time to maintain the quality of the agents/representative. The approval to continue business stipulated that  sales representative income was base on individual result. The limited the attraction of forms of direct selling that might lead to pyramid frauds. However, the administrative cost of the recruiting/hiring system will be higher and motivation to the sales to form a team is less. 3). Doing more advertising, which help to improve the image of Amway in general public. Turning their focus on Amway’s business model towards the quality of Amway’s product. It also helps to facilitate the sales by letting consumer know more about Amway and their retail location/sales network. However, advertising always cost a lot especially in tier one cities in China. 4). Doing corporate sponsorships to enhanced its reputation in China. Helping them to have go relationship with China official and also good image in general public. However, in order to get this result, Amway has to continuously doing the corporate sponsorship in long term and the input of money might be huge. 5). Setting up production facilities in China, to reduce the depended on importing the products to China market and also generate the job position for China workers However maintaining the production facilities and adopting labor regulation might cost a lot. 6). Helping China in participation in the WTO, which help Amway to improve their relationship with China officials. However, the return of these kind of volunteer jobs is not guaranteed. Q4 What is your recommendation for a communication strategy during this transition period? First of all, there are several stakeholders that Amway should put more focus on them and they are China Government, Individual business partners, Consumer, Competitors, Media and Headquarter. Amway should always state close with China officials and maybe setting up conference for them, letting them know more about direct selling and the international regulation. Helping Chia government in setting examination system and make sure the certification system is up to international standard. So the Amway can get the most updated regulation information from China and become one to parties in setting up the certification system. By providing training, assessment to the individual business partners (sales), helping them to get the certificate. This could ensure the professional service quality provided by Amway sales representatives. At the same time, the sales representatives can understand more about the Amway  brand and become more loyalty to the company. They are more willing to work in Amway, where provide them training and opportunities. Letting the consumers know that with the new examination and certification system. Amway sales representative are professional and selling good quality product with reasonable value. A good communication with media must be ensured, so that it could let the general public know the changes of Amway and the cooperation social activities done by Amway. It could help to build up good reputation and image of Amway and their business models. As a result not resist on direct sale. Amway China should always give feedback to headquarter. Letting them keep update with the new regulations in China. Making proposals to adopt the change and getting fully understanding and support from headquarter.

Analysis of Vark Learning Styles Essay Sample free essay sample

Everyone has their ain preferable manner how to larn. when to larn and what is learned. It has been noted there are four chief ways. or manners of larning. ocular. auditory. read/write and kinaesthetic. These manners are represented by the rubric VARK. VARK is really the questionnaire which people can utilize to find which larning method they prefer. Whether a person’s manner of acquisition is identified or non. the importance is that persons realize what works best for them. This preferable manner can be utilized in a schoolroom. every bit good as in a council chamber or conference room at work. This paper will explicate briefly the four acquisition manners and an in-depth analysis of the kinaesthetic manner. the preferable manner of this author. Peoples by and large use a combination of manners when they learn. but most frequently one or two chief types are the manners in which persons learn best. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Vark Learning Styles Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ocular scholars are those who learn through observation or detecting things. They prefer charts and graphs or other ocular AIDSs. Diagrams and flow charts work good with them when showing a hard procedure. If they can see the flow. they can retrieve the procedure. They prefer quiet milieus when analyzing and need to believe for a spot while digesting a teacher’s talk. Auditory scholars comprehend best when they hear things. They frequently talk to themselves and read out loud to assist understand stuff. The audile scholar does good in survey groups. is non afraid to talk up and likes to explicate things to others. Listening to a taped recording of a talk is an easy manner for this scholar to analyze. Read/write scholars do best with written work. They prefer to read an assignment or write notes while an unwritten presentation is given. They frequently merely necessitate to read something one time and they remember it. They will utilize note cards and the procedure of composing things down helps to procure the information in their encephalon. Kinesthetic scholars are active scholars. They learn while making things or watching the procedure being done. If they have external stimul ation such as music. they tend to concentrate better. They can larn intricate waies if they have acted them out or hold mimicked the procedure. Their attending span can be shorter than others. and therefore if they can acquire up and travel sporadically. they learn better every bit good. If given a reading assignment. they prefer to be â€Å"active† readers. foregrounding things or composing things down to maintain their custodies busy. Some schemes that help kinaesthetic scholars win are 1s affecting gesture. The kinaesthetic scholars should take short frequent interruptions. should hold some distraction like music or a fan on in the background. and have many highlighters on manus to utilize. The kinaesthetic scholars benefit from a soft squeezing ball or a Koosh ball to maintain their custodies busy but maintain their head unfastened to treating information. Presentations or Youtube presentations of things are ideal ways for kinaesthetic scholars to understand a complicated procedure. If kinaesthetic scholars can return presentations as good. this truly helps to beef up the acquisition procedure. Using the kinaesthetic manner in nursing is applicable particularly in the instruction of nursing techniques. If there is a complicated dressing alteration or a har d endovenous process. the kinaesthetic scholar performs best if first detecting the process being done and so the following clip. executing the technique independently. If there are alterations within electronic charting. the kinaesthetic scholar observes the teacher traveling through the stairss one by one and so making this new charting on their ain computing machine. If there is new medical equipment. the kinaesthetic scholar does best by watching the medical company representative demonstrate how the equipment is to be used. alternatively of reading the waies. While the kinaesthetic manner is the 1 preferred by this author there are several schemes which have non been applied over the past hebdomads and could be utile ; sitting on a big exercising ball while reading chapters could assist with concentrating on the written text. taking interruptions more frequently during every night study periods may turn out helpful every bit good. It is imperative to the kinaesthetic scholar to distribute out a week’s worth of prep equally over the hebdomad. and non jaming all into two or three darks. It would besides be helpful to this kinaesthetic scholar to utilize highlighters on a more consistent footing. and possibly the usage of more than one colour would turn out good. In decision. it is known people use all four manners of larning during their l ife. but frequently one manner is dominant and most helpful. This dominant manner can change depending on what needs to be learned. Some undertakings may necessitate a individual use a certain manner of larning. and so another undertaking may hold the scholar use a different method. The preferable learning manner can help people in happening methods and tips for them to be better pupils and win in many facets of their life. Mentions hypertext transfer protocol: //gcumedia. com/digital-resources/grand-canyon-university/2012/university-success_ebook_2e. php hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nwlink. com/~donclark/hrd/styles/vakt. hypertext markup language hypertext transfer protocol: //www. vark-learn. com/english/page. asp? p=questionnaire

william wordsworth and william blake

william wordsworth and william blake Free Online Research Papers William Wordsworth and William Blake: The use of light and dark imagery to create memory In the poem’s â€Å"Ode, Intimations of Immortality† by William Wordsworth and â€Å"The Tyger† and â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† by William Blake from Songs of Experience, the poets use light and dark imagery to give the audience a picture of life and, ultimately, death. The poems all have the idea of death in common but most importantly, both poets are able to enhance the reader’s experience by providing them with a real sense of place and emotion through their use of imagery. Not only do the authors interpret their senses into light versus darkness, they also use imagery of both to provide us with a way to comprehend the themes of life and death. All three poems have a common theme of how one’s memory can affect the way they perceive death and the afterlife. The use of light and dark imagery in all three poems are similar because they give a firm grasping of reminiscence, enlist the aid of light and dark imagery to show us death, and give th e readers a clear vision of the place the author is trying to describe. In all three of the selected poems there is a common thread wove amongst them of how a person thinks about the afterlife and in particular, heaven. In â€Å"Ode, Intimations on Immortality† Wordsworth writes, â€Å"Forebode not any severing of our loves! / Yet in my heart of hearts I feel your might† (Wordsworth XI, 2-3). In these lines and the ones that follow Wordsworth gives us a clear picture of what heaven is to him. It is a severing of one’s delights and loves, and â€Å"another race (that) hath been† (Wordsworth XI, 13). For William Blake, the idea of heaven is less subtle as he deals with it in a darker way. In â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† he writes, â€Å"Because I was happy upon the heath, / And smiled among the winter’s snow/ They clothed me in the clothes of death, / And taught me to sing the notes of woe† ( Blake 5-8). Blake’s description of the dark clothing and the songs of sadness represent death and the feelings o f the character about the way his life has been. Blake’s â€Å"The Tyger† is similar in nature but reflects upon who is the Creator of the tyger that the author is talking about in the poem. The use of light and dark imagery within each of the three poems is profound. In Wordsworth’s poem especially there is a great use of this technique to describe the world that the author saw as a child and the world he grew up to experience. â€Å"The earth, and every common sight/ To me did seem/ appareled in celestial light, / the glory and the freshness of a dream† (Wordsworth I, 2-5). However, the author laments by the end of the poem that the world does not look so glorious anymore, the product of his impending end of life, describing how â€Å"The Clouds that gather round the setting sun/ Do take a sober colouring from an eye† (Wordsworth XI, 9-10). In â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† it is the mood that takes on a darker tone, with the beginning saying, â€Å"A little black thing in the snow, / Crying ‘weep! Weep!’ in notes of woe!† (Blake I, 1-2). Descriptions of winter, snow, and â€Å"the clothes of death† finish out the dark tone, while â€Å"The Tyger† speaks of â€Å"When the stars threw down their spears/ And watered heaven with their tears† (Blake 13-14). The use of dark imagery in both comes through loud and clear. The use of light and dark enhances the mood of each poem and creates a very real vision of bleakness versus light, giving the reader a sense of place. In â€Å"The Tyger† especially there is a great deal of description that gives the reader a good sense of the jungle or woods where the poem is taking place. Blake writes, â€Å"Tyger! Tyger! burning bright/ In the forests of the night,/ What immortal hand or eye/ Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?†, giving the mood a fearful luster and using the image of a dark forest to create the place which he is trying to show the reader. In Wordsworths poem his descriptions of the fields, streams, and other places in the authors memory. â€Å"The winds come to me from the fields of sleep,/ And all the earth is gay,/ Land and sea/ Give themselves up to jollity† (Wordsworth 28-31). Each of the poems gives a clear picture of the place the authors imagined in their minds when they wrote the poems, by using light and dark imagery. The poetry of William Blake and William Wordsworth all share the common factors of darkness, light, and reminiscence. What is important about these poems is that sense of time and place that is created through the use of dark and light imagery, and how it sets the tone for the poems. While each writer takes a different approach, the themes of life, death, and heaven are made inherently obvious through the use of imagery and color in the poems. They let us remember something along with the writers, whether it is a bleak memory or a fair one, and gives us a real sense of place. Blake, William. The Chimney Sweeper. About: Quotations. 23 Jan. 2007 . Blake, William. The Tyger From Songs of Experience. William Blake. 24 Jan. 2007 . Wordsworth, William. Ode: Intimations of Immortality. Bartleby. 23 Jan. 2007 . Research Papers on william wordsworth and william blakeMind TravelThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoCapital PunishmentHip-Hop is ArtThe Spring and AutumnThree Concepts of PsychodynamicArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)

Immigration In The United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Immigration In The United States - Essay Example During this period the ban on Asian entry was lifted and all the nations were on an equal footing. This brought in an unexpected flow of immigrants from Korea, Taiwan, China, and the Philippines. There was a sharp and sudden increase in immigration from India, China, and Korea by 1980s and as a result, the population of Asians in the US started rising. As the economic and political condition in Vietnam deteriorated, the US government had no alternative but to allow them to enter the US. For different reasons, immigration from Latin America and Asia surged during the 1980s. It is also estimated that by 1990 there were additional 3.3 million undocumented immigrants living in the US of which 75 percent were from Mexico. In 1996, the total Mexican population in the United States was 7.15 million of whom 2.35 million or 38 percent were unauthorized. There was a backlash against the immigrants in the mid-nineties when the federal immigration law became punitive and restrictive. The immigra nts were blamed for the social and economic problems. There was a fear that Americans of European descent would become a minority and this projected shift is already evident in urban areas like Los Angeles and Miami (Massey, 1995). Immigration is changing the size and composition of major cities in the US. Card (2007) says that immigrants are usually drawn to expanding cities particularly to cities with historical enclaves of earlier immigrants. Immigrant arrivals increase the local population with a limited outflow of other groups.

US - Russian relations; how the embargo is affecting trade and the Outline

US - Russian relations; how the embargo is affecting trade and the economy - Outline Example The U.S government, for instance strongly condemned Russia’s annexation of Crimea2. The U.S imposed sanctions against 64 Russian individuals and organizations for destabilizing Ukraine. This paper will discuss how the recent US embargo on Russia is negatively affecting trade and the economy (in Russia), and how or if it may also affect a particular nation within the European Union. Congressional action in the U.S. has focused on providing help to the new Ukrainian government and also the sanctions against Russia for its annexation of Crimea. President Obama warned Russia that it would face several costs for its ongoing actions in Ukraine3. For instance, the United States suspended most bilateral cooperation with Russia. It also announced that it would suspend several projects that were planned under the guidance of U.S.-Russia Bilateral Presidential Commission. The U.S government also put restrictions on defence-related support to Russia especially the exports4. The United States issued an Executive Order that imposed asset freezes and visa bans against the people that undermined the democratic processes laid down in Ukraine. These people included 23 high-ranking Russian government officials and parliamentarians, 4 wealthy businesspersons in Putin’s inner circle. The government also placed sanctions on organizations that included bank, energy companies and other organizations that had a link to Putin’s inner circle. All these were done as part of an action to prevent further escalation of the crisis in Ukraine5. As stated earlier, several countries and regions including the U.S, EU and Japan placed sanctions on Russia following its actions in Ukraine. Several countries including Albania, Canada, Moldovia, Australia, Switzerland and Montenegro followed suit6. However, the effects of the U.S sanctions on Russia are different to those of the other

Information System Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 14000 words

Information System Security - Essay Example 31): Computer systems thus have to be constantly available, secure and accurate. To ensure this, adequate and effective risk management practices must be in place – that is, risk management must be effectively integrated into an organization’s existing security model, having readily available solutions for security threats and being ever vigilant for novel security threats as they develop. The purpose of this study is to identify the role of risk management as part of the security model of modern information systems. To address this objective, the researcher primarily undertook a comprehensive review of related literature. The gained knowledge is then applied to a case study to illustrate the potential value of the area under investigation. For ensuring system security, an organisation ought to implement an efficient security model and carry out certain analyses and implementation steps. This Question will research how Risk management is defined in the literature and of which components it consists of. In addressing risk management, the role of risk analysis is investigated as an important tool in analysing the shortcomings of an organisation’s security system. It will then identify the different methods available to organisations to implement a sound risk management paradigm. For the identification of the risks faced by modern information systems, the researcher identified and presented the most common risks and threats a modern information system faces today and how they have developed over time. The study investigated several external and internal risks and the technologies used by people who pose threats. The researcher proceeds with a detailed analysis of the available technologies for risk reduction in information systems. Dutta & McCrohan (2002) assert that commercial operations have always been wrought with security problems, and over the years, several ways of responding to these issues have evolved. The increasing popularity

Marketing Issues Facing the HSBC Bank in the UK

Marketing Issues Facing the HSBC Bank in the UK Key marketing issues facing HSBC Bank in the United Kingdom and globally: How it can be improved for entering in to 2011 Abstract Todays global banking environment is highly volatile, but this does not hinder competition from being intense. Consequently, organisations such as HSBC Bank plc, the worlds local bank, need to align their marketing strategies to improve on their brand value and positioning. To enter into the year 2011, they need to address both internal and external environment(s) which inevitably affect their competitive advantage, positioning and performance. In the following, the researcher aims to explore these avenues with the view to propose an extended study on new strategies to improve upon HSBCs current standing. Table of contents Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Methodology Chapter 3: Literature Review Chapter 4: Evidence Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations References Appendices Introduction In the last few years, the banking industry has undergone tremendous change in the face of global transformation. As a result, executives are finding it difficult to meet competitive challenges as the pressure to become global intensifies. HSBC Bank plc, headquartered in United Kingdom, is a global business which faces the same challenge and is being investigated in the following dissertation. The aim is to survey the key marketing issues that challenge the bank, in the UK and globally so that the researcher could further its study in developing solutions for the same. Some of the objectives that the researcher aims to achieve in this dissertation proposal are as follows: Objectives 1. To explore key external and internal environments to address major issues that plague HSBC to function successfully as a global bank. 2. To identify the marketing mix that should be adopted to be integrated in the banks marketing and competitive strategies. 3. To investigate organisational functions like MIS (Management Information System) and CRM (Customer Relationship Management) to align them with the market structure. 4. To evaluate the brand value at HSBC, and perhaps identify new strategies for improving its global positioning. Background Today, change catalysts are being integrated by major consolidated organisations to adapt and become flexible to the changing needs of consumers. The banking industry, likewise, has been following the same trend of consolidation through mergers and acquisitions (MA), despite the fact that these MAs are creating even more complex organisations. This can be gauged from HSBCs organisational spread. HSBC has over 100 million customer base, spread across the globe through its Customer and Global businesses. With 9,500 offices and 335,000 staff in 85 countries and territories, it is considered to be one of the worlds top financial brands by The Banker Magazine (HSBC Official Web site 2008). While it is regulated by the Financial Services Authority in the UK, the global nature of its operation subjects it to be regulated by 510 central banks and authorities around the world as well (HSBC Official Web site 2008). To ensure that HSBC meets global challenges, the bank has been constantly evolv ing its strategy. For the past decade, it has focussed on being the worlds local bank with a wide network spread to mostly international emerging markets to develop unique cosmopolitan customer base to strengthen its financial standing. The four key business areas private banking, commercial banking, personal financial services and global banking markets help HSBC to align its presence with global trends such as fast growing emerging markets, world trade, and longevity in business (See Appendix 1). In line with this focus, is the strategy to leverage brand and network to increase revenues and maximise efficiency (HSBC Official Web site 2008). This conservative positioning strategy had been adopted for the past decade and has paid off in terms of higher earnings, and improved performance (BBC 2001). However, recently there has been a fall in profit earning (UK Annual Report 2007)(See Appendix 2), which has been translated to low performance. Some of the factors that have afflicted the bank include inflation in developed markets; slow down in emerging economies; and the ongoing credit crunch, especially in the UK and neighbouring Europe (HSBC Annual Results 2007; Toxic Shock 2008). The growing importance of globalisation only emphasises on the need for integrating marketing strategies within competitive strategies to leverage future performance. According to a Deloitte report (2007), banks like HSBC, with a global focus, need to understand external and internal factors that affect them, in order to devise comprehensive competitive strategy. While experts (Dietz, Reibestein, and Walter 2008) predict growth in global banking revenues estimated at 7 to 8 percent from 2006 to 2016, how to harness this forecast is dependent on the individual firms strategy. For this purpose, HSBC need to revise its strategic orientation. The purpose of research is to gain new knowledge through logical and systematic methods. According to Smith (1981 qt. Gliner and Morgan 2000), research is a broad discipline which must be carefully examined before adopting methods for evaluation. Whether the researcher chooses the naturalistic, experimental, survey or historical methods, the choice should be consistent with the inquiry defined. Accordingly, research approaches in the social science discipline can be divided into the positivist or quantitative, and constructivist or qualitative approach (Mangan, Lalwani and Gardner 2004). Depending on the quantitative or qualitative paradigm, a researcher must choose the approach of research. A quantitative paradigm is associated with scientific methods in acquiring research results and identifies causal relationships (Phillips 1992; Lincoln and Guba 1985 qt. Gliner and Morgan 2000). On the other hand, the qualitative approach is a constructivist approach that studies humans and physi cal objects with the meanings inherent in their social roles and symbolism. Considering the qualitative nature of the topic, the researcher proposes to adopt a constructivist approach which would be more appropriate in exploring the issues that affect HSBC. This is a logical proposition as it would allow the researcher to predict the causes and market behaviour based on theoretical frameworks studied through comprehensive literature review, a gist of which shall be explored in the next section. Furthermore, the researcher proposes this choice of research approach based on the premise that social science researches often seek to predict and control (Bryman 1995). Research questions raised are often open-ended and encompass extensive avenues before decisions can be made. Therefore, a qualitative method shall be suitable for the study of key issues challenging HSBC in the future. To take a brief overview of banking, the researcher has carried out a brief literature review to study the issues that surround the organisation. In the following section, the researcher shall explore the current market environment, as well as attempt to understand it through theoretical frameworks. Banking Industry As the worlds banking industry globalises and consolidates, cross border investment barriers have fallen to give way to new and volatile markets. To serve evolving markets, banks have been observed to develop new competitive strategies that capitalise on operations, resources and functionality, and serve new types of customers. The challenge for banks today is the geopolitical risks and structural market challenges which they need to adapt to, for addressing international compliance of standards, demographic shifts, and developing relationships with customers. The diversified nature of the banking environment makes it difficult for global organisations, like HSBC, to focus. A global bank can be defined as having the widest reach in providing services to affiliates, while a local bank has narrower reach in provision of services to institutions in the country. Some of the challenges that affect these organizations are explored below: 1) External Environment The basic premise for gaining competitive advantage in a global environment according to experts like Porter (1990) and Weihrich (1982), is through formulation of strategies that reflect the conceptual framework of the TOWS Matrix (See Appendix 3). The TOWS (Threats, Opportunities, Weaknesses and Strengths) Matrix is a systematic analysis model which identifies factors that surround the industry, and, thereafter, help identify solutions by maximising opportunities and strengths. By identifying the competitive advantage against competitors, the industry or firm can maximise the attributes it posses at the international level. These competitive advantages can be factor conditions such as skilled labour or infrastructure; demand conditions such as demand of the product or service; related and supporting industries; and firm strategy, structure and rivalry (Porter 1990). However, critics are of the view that Porters formula does not provide the key to success (O’Shaughnessy 1996) as it does not address operational and environmental issues like culture, competitive advantage in emerging markets; political and national history; or role of government. In todays global banking environment, these issues play critical roles (Jones 2005). These are evident from the Deloitte report (2007) on key issues challenging the banking industry, which include off-shoring; local insights for global branching; cost-reduction; emergence of hedge funds; and complex anti-money laundering regulations (Deloitte 2007). Not only is the global business environment of today strived with uncertainty due to emerging markets participation (Fahy 1993; Bansal and Penza 2000), but also the technological, political and regulatory environments have heightened competition. In the past decade, HSBC has focussed its competitive strategy on Europe after the slow down in Asia-Pacific region. Europe is an ideal setting for international integration based on a single market program (Berger, Smith, and Judge 2003; HSBC 2008). There are, however, issues that hinder development and competition including loyalty to local banks, regulatory restrictions, demand for global banking services, and technological advancement of banks. As a result, HSBC needs to rethink its current strategy. 2) Internal Environment As a result of the above factors, the internal environment of global banks has to be revolutionised. At the forefront is the adage the customer is king. Global banks are changing their strategies to alter banking environment congruent to customers needs, rights and choices. Services and products are tailored to the living conditions and customer patterns of banking use. These conditions set off alternative marketing strategies that emphasise on individuality and relationship building. Investment in technology, skills and branch networks, for example, has helped traditional banks to grow and profit from new sources of income (Jayawardhena and Foley 2000). In the UK, especially, the scale of investment in knowledge management and technology has helped transform the banking industry to succinctly harness potential businesses and create advantage for organisations. Learning organisations, however, is still a relatively new concept for many to understand and appreciate its implications (H arris 2002). Besides the above, global banks are also undergoing structural changes. As more and more banks become global, the traditional role of retail banking has to be revisited. (Bansal and Penza 2000).Issues that affect HSBC like credit and market risks, competence and expertise have come to the forefront, as banks diversify their businesses. For these reasons HSBC needs to be prepared for change management in its internal environment. 3) The Marketing Mix Given the diversified nature of the global banking industry, Jagersmas report (2006) suggests that banks need to rethink marketing strategies to meet the challenges in the future by improving customer focus, innovating products, pricing products competitively and organising product information for its strategic positioning. The challenge that awaits organisations is to rethink strategic objectives that would align with the new environment. One approach is to develop a visual identity and develop a communication network to establish relationships with customers. The communication strategy would be the life line for the organisations strategy in adapting or changing its market context or other environmental alterations, according to Melewar, Bassett, and Simoes (2006). Similarly, Gummesson (2002) is of the view that relationship marketing is the new approach to marketing that focuses on customer, suppliers and organisations in a complex network environment or society. It is only throug h these new communication frameworks that the banking sector can address the core and brand values it has to develop for successful marketing mix. (See Appendix 4) HSBC needs to re-evaluate its marketing mix in order to generate newer ones. 4) Market Segmentation and Targeting Indeed, the nature of the marketing mix is no longer simply the 4 Ps of Price, Product, Position and Promotion but involves complex analysis of the target market and its segments. In fact, Papasolomou and Vrontis (2006) are of the view that todays banking organisations have different sets of customers and expectations. Customers are no longer limited to the walk-in type, but extend to internal customers such as employees, stakeholders and shareholders; service delivery is not limited to providing service, but extends to standards and expectations; development involves training and development in motivation, and inspiration; and employee incentives. To be successful, organisations must adopt alternative strategies. Market segmentation in the banking industry has changed from niche segments to accumulated customer base of corporate, private or commercial customers, although the principles for targeting them remain the same customer relationship building; ease of access; delivery of se rvice through diverse workforce; and collaborative banking strategies. As a result, banks like HSBC would need to improve upon customer focus, introduce new ideas to customers and drive aggressive campaigns (Wells Fargo and First Direct 2007) using a strong communication network (Berner and Kiley 2005) to build brand image. 5) MIS and CRM What differentiates and establishes brands depends on the power of the brand to communicate its value to the market. According to Sinek (2008), successful communication is dependent on the banks ability to offer different products and services reflective of the customers needs. Hence, branding alone would not differentiate banks, but the humanness of the banks philosophy would. Thus, Umpqua Bank and FirstDirects popularity with customers is due to their understanding of the need for convenient banking, need for alternative products and services, and their understanding of the ever-changing world of banking. By harnessing the online banking technology, direct banking has become possible to their customers. The attractiveness of these banks to their customers is inherent in the shift away from traditional transaction-based to customer based banking (Branching out 2007). Furthermore, banks have also capitalised on technological networks to expand globally to bring customers closer to their banks by defying geographical dispersion (Lefton 1997; Branching out 2007). However, in the process, issues like outsourcing labour to foreign regions, which are alien to the customers, and low quality service delivery compromise the overall expectations. Banks, especially, rely on outsourcing companies for their customer service which constitutes a major part of their service/product delivery (Gottfredson and Phillips 2005). This reliance on external organisations for the banks success is volatile and, at times, detrimental to its relationship with customers. Whether HSBC should rely on these systems or not shall determine its performance in the future. 6) Brand Positioning The objective of competitive advantage is dependent on positioning of the product. A firms communication strategy and its effectiveness depend on the positioning strategies. In marketing strategies for service-oriented brands, positioning is even more critical as it modifies the intangible perceptions of the service in relation to the competition (Blankson and Kalafatis 2007). For these reasons, strategic implications of brand positioning are critical for the organisations competitive strategy. Service positioning differs from tangible product positioning as its characteristics are different from physical goods. Customers differentiate the service from goods through communication, standard of service delivery, and the quality of the benefits reaped. Thus, marketing communication plays a vital role in establishing the marketing positioning of brands. Consequently, Papasolomou and Vrantis (2006) emphasise on the importance of internal marketing throughout branch network to strengthen r elationship marketing and the brand. In banking, this could be achieved by launching internal marketing campaigns to sustain the brand through employees and their experiences such as brand proposition, overcoming internal barriers, continual improvement and expansion. These HSBC needs to explore in to incorporate into its future strategies. From the above brief literature review, the researcher is of the view that HSBC, as a global bank, faces tremendous challenges in the near future to improve upon its marketing strategy. The above literature also suggests that, while the current marketing strategy has been successful in launching the HSBC in the international market, the bank needs to revise and develop its marketing strategies which would sustain HSBC in global environment. Issues that plague the worlds global banking industry need to be evaluated in the future study to understand the extent and breadth to which HSBC has complied with, before competitive strategies can be evaluated. The brief literature review also indicates that todays marketing strategies are different from traditional methods adopted, especially for a service-oriented organisation. Consequently, marketing strategies for HSBC needs to be re-valuated to gauge its future performance, and perhaps devise new ones to address current and future issues. Issues like MIS, CRM, brand positioning and marketing mix shall be revisited in this extended dissertation in order to tackle the issues that plague its internal and external environment. From the above evidence, the researcher proposes an extended study in the form of a dissertation to review HSBC’s performance and how it can improve upon its current marketing strategy in order to develop an integrative competitive strategy for the future. Considering the fast-paced and highly volatile banking environment of the UK and globally, HSBC needs to improve its performance in order to sustain competition. With the extended study, the researcher hopes to achieve the following objectives: a. A detailed investigation of the external and internal environment of HSBC in order to identify its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. b. Identify the marketing mix that it should adopt and integrate within its organizational strategies to enter into 2011. c. To study the current organisational function such as MIS and CRM to the advantage of HSBC and integrate into its future marketing strategies. d. Improve on its current brand value and global positioning. Author not available (2008) Toxic shock: how the banking industry created a global crisis, Guardian [Online] Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/apr/08/creditcrunch.banking Author not available, (2007) Wells Fargo and First Direct lead the way in the banking sector. Strategic Direction, Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 29-31. Author not available, (June 2007) Branching out. Economist, Vol. 383, Issue 8533. Bansal, V. and Penza, P. (2000) Measuring Market Risk with Value at Risk, John Wiley and Sons. BBC (August 2001) HSBC confounds doomsayers, BBC [Online] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1475589.stm Berger, A.N.; Smith, D. C.; and Judge, J. (November 2003) Global integration in the banking industry. Federal Reserve Bulletin. Berner, R. and Kiley, D. (August 2005) Special Report: The Best Global Brands. Business Week [Online] Available at: http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_31/b3945098.htm Blankson, C. and Kalafatis, S. P. (2007) Positioning strategies of international and multicultural-oriented service brands. Journal of Services Marketing, 21/6 pp. 435–450 Bryman, A. (1995) Research Methods and Organization Studies. Routledge: London. Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu (2006) Global Banking Industry Outlook: Growth Solutions in a Changing World 2006. Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu [Online] Available at: http://www.deloitte.com/dtt/research/0,1015,cid%3D116421,00.html Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu (2007) Global Banking Industry Outlook: Issues on the horizon 2007. Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, [Online] Available at: http://www.deloitte.com/dtt/research/0,1015,cid%3D116421,00.htm Dietz, M., Reibestein, R. and Walter, C. (January 2008) What’s in store for global banking, The McKinsey Quarterly. Fahy, J. (1993) An Analysis of Competition in the New Europe, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 27, Gliner, J. A. and Morgan, G. A. (2000) Research Methods in Applied Settings: An Integrated Approach to Design and Analysis. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ. Gottfredson, M. and Phillips, S. (2005) A sourcing strategy for enhancing core capabilities. Strategy Leadership, VOL. 33 NO. 6, pp. 48-49. Gummesson, Evert. (2002) Total relationship marketing 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Harris, L. (2002) The learning organization myth or reality? The Learning Organization, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 78-88 HSBC Official Website [Online] Available at: http://www.hsbc.com/1/2/investor-relations/strategy Jagersma, P. K. (2006) Strategic marketing and the global banking industry: elements of excellence, Journal of Business Strategy. Vol. 27 Issue: 4 pp. 50 59 Jayawardhena, C. and Foley, P. (2000) Changes in the banking sector the case of Internet banking in the UK. Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy, Volume 10 . Number 1 pp. 19Â ±30 Jones, G. (2005) Multinationals and Global Capitalism: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Oxford University Press: Oxford pp. 137. Lefton, T. March 1997) Spending global, acting local. Brandweek, Vol. 38, Issue 13. Lincoln Y. S., Guba E. G. (1985) Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Mangan, J.; Lalwani, C. and Gardner, B. (2004) Combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies in logistics research. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, Vol. 34 No. 7, pp. 565-578 Melewar, T.C.; Bassett, K. and Simoes, C. (2006) The role of communication and visual identity in modern organisations. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Vol. 11 No. 2, pp. 138-147. O’Shaughnessy, N. J. (1996) Michael Porter’s Competitive Advantage revisited. Management Decision, 34/6 pp. 12–20 Papasolomou, I. and Vrontis, D. (2006) Building corporate branding through internal marketing: the case of the UK retail bank industry. Journal of Product Brand Management, 15/1 pp. 37–47 Phillips D. C. (1992) The social scientists bestiary. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press. Sinek, S. (January 2008) Chase Campaign Good for Banks For the Brand? Not So Much. Brandweek, Vol. 49, Issue 3. Smith M. L. ( 1981) Naturalistic research. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 59, 585-589. Weihrich, H. (1999) Analyzing the competitive advantages and disadvantages of Germany with the TOWS Matrix – an alternative to Porter’s Model. European Business Review, Volume 99 Number 1 pp. 9–22 Weihrich, H. (2008) The TOWS Matrix A Tool for Situational Analysis. Long Range Planning, [Online] Available at: http://www.usfca.edu/fac_staff/weihrichh/docs/tows.pdf Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4

Mental Training-sports Essay -- essays research papers fc

Motivate Yourself! Metal preparedness is almost as important as physical training. To be mentally trained most closely means to be psychologically ready for the physical act of. Mental training includes several steps which include aquainting ones self with the event, setting a goal, finding out secret techniques or discovering the â€Å"trade secrets†, harnessing your inner psyche (Id) by having time set aside to discover it, monitor performance, visualize ones self in competition correcting all errors, and then combining all steps to make one the best athlete possible. Why is it that those of us who are out of a sport, and on our own to train can sometimes motivate ourselves to find the time to train and maintain a training schedule, and other times not? Sometimes we can get into the exercise habit and other times not? How can we make training part of our schedule? To be motivated to do something means to be persuaded that there is something to gain in it for one. Presumably, one should convince ones self that there is something to gain for one in pole-vaulting. Motivating one self is, however, somewhat paradoxical — a â€Å"catch 22†. What if you have to motivate ones self to motivate ones self? So, it is worth talking it over with another person. A person who does not find physical pleasure in pole-vaulting will not continue pole-vaulting for long. What motivates a pole-vaulter? Money? No. Love of their sport, maybe? Feeling good about being good at what they are doing? Pure enjoyment, exhilaration? Being on a team? Gaining position and power and influence? Being admired and appreciated by others? Yes! Is this enough to get you out on the mats regularly? Think over what you have to sacrifice to have the time to train. A movie, dinner with friends, late night TV, time with your family? One author suggested â€Å"mainly give up work. It’s impossible to keep up†. Visualize ones-self accomplishing the goal and feel that satisfaction that comes from success. Now how will a person remember that state of motivation that the person will want to have the next time they are deciding whether or not to row?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once the person gets on the runway, it is important to make the experience pleasurable so one will want to come back. For most people, this means a few drills as they push off the dock to remind their nervous system of what is expected. Vaulti... ...ple Press. Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic structures. The Hague: Mouton. 2. Erickson, M. H., & Rossi, E. L. (1979). Hypnotherapy: An exploratory casebook. New York: Irvington. 3. Gallwey, Timothy. (1974). The inner game of tennis. New York: Random House. Grinder, J. & Bandler, R. (1976). The structure of magic. II. Palo Alto: Science and Behavior. 4. Ingalls, J. S. (1988). Cognition and athletic behavior: An investigation of the NLP theory of congruence. (Doctoral dissertation, Teachers College Columbia University, 1987). Dissertation Abstracts International, 48, (7). p. 2090-8. DA 8721125. 5. Maturana, H. R., & Varela, F. J. (Eds.). (1980). Autopoiesis and cognition: The realization of the living. Boston: Reidel. 6. Miller, G., Galanter, E., & Pribram, K. H. (1960). Plans and the structure of behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. 7. Varela, F. J., Thompson, E. & Rosch, E. (1993). The embodied mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. von Bertalanffy, L. (1968). General systems theory: Foundations, development, applications. New York: George Braziller. 8. Watzlawick, P., Bavelas, J., & Jackson, D. (1967). Pragmatics of human communication. New York: Norton.

Dr. N. Alagumurthi Essay

Dr.N.Alagumurthi, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry is an erudite and renowned academic scholar, a high profile scientist researcher, an able administrator, a great visionary and a socially conscious innovator.  He was born in the year 1965 at Villupuram. His father late Shri.M.Natarajan and mother Thirumathi Pattu Natarajan are very simple and uneducated. He had his school education in Municipal Schools at Villupuram. He did his Bachelors degree in Mechanical Engineering at Government College of Engineering, Salem, Master degree in Energy Technology at the Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry. He won the Pondicherry University Medal in recognition of the Outstanding Performance in the M.Tech (Energy Technology). He obtained the Best Project award for his M.Tech Project work titled, â€Å"Energy Conservation Study at Chengalvarayan Cooperative Sugar Mills Ltd, Periyasevalai, Tamilnadu†. He received his Ph.D from Pondicherry University in recognizing his significant contribution in the area of Thermal aspects in Manufacturing. Dr.N.Alagumurthi has made remarkable achievement in the areas of teaching,  research, invention and extension activities. Starting from a modest career as a Lecturer in a Self-financing College, he rose to the present position of Professor at Pondicherry Engineering College, a premier technical institution. He had guiding many dissertations and research projects in Mechanical Engineering and Energy Technology and has 225 Papers to his credit in reputed journals and various conference proceedings. He had teaching and research experience of 26 years and visited Singapore, Malaysia, UAE and Bangladesh. Dr.N.Alagumurthi is a celebrated member of Professional bodies such as Fellow of Institution of Engineers (India), Honorable Member in Aeronautical Institution of Bangladesh, Society of Power Engineers (India), The Combustion Institute of India, Aeronautical Society of India, Solar Energy Society of India, Association of Waste management and Remediation of environment, Indian Association of Air Pollution Control, etc. Dr.N.Alagumurthi was instrumental to start the Renewable Energy Club in Pondicherry Engineering College with the sponsorship of MNRE, New Delhi and REAP, Pondicherry. Under the auspicious of Renewable Energy Club actively arranged many seminars, lectures, field visits, bioplantation programme and Renewable Energy Day essay / models/ projects competition to students. Dr.N.Alagumurthi has been nominated as a Member of Board of Studies (both UG and PG) of K.S.R. College of Technology, Thiruchengode, an autonomous institution affiliated to Anna University and Pondicherry University. He is associated with various NGO’s and voluntary organizations working in the field of Rural Energy Programme. His areas of interest include: Energy, Environment, Economical Manufacturing etc. He is an advisor to Union Public Service Commission, Tamilnadu Public Service Commission, Jharkhand Public Service Commission, Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission and Member of Board of Examination of various Universities. Member of Advisory/organizing committee of International Conference on I.C.Engines and Combustion , International Conference on Industrial Engineering ,International Conference on Energy Engineering , International Conference on Emerging Research and Advances in Mechanical Engineering, All India Manufacturing Technology, Design and Research Conference (AIMTDR 2010). He coauthored a book on Energy conservation and management. He is an approved Research supervisor of various universities and doctoral committee member in many universities. He is an Expert committee member in the following academic and scientific bodies. University Grants Commission (UGC) All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) National Board of Accreditation (NBA) Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Department of Science and Technology (DST) Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Ministry of Environments and Forests ( MoE&F) Dr.N.Alagumurthi is a recipient of BHARAT JYOTI award in lieu of the yeomen services rendered with excellence in the field of Science and Technology – awarded by India International Friendship Society. His Biographical information has been included in the 10th Anniversary edition of MARQUIS who’s who in science and engineering (2007 and 2008) as an acclaimed biography on account of the outstanding achievements and contributions in the field of Mechanical Engineering and Technical Education. The Energy Society of India has honored Dr.N.Alagumurthi with Outstanding Achievement Award (2007) in recognition of his sterling merit, excellent performance and outstanding contribution in diverse fields of energy and engineering related activities that contributed significantly to the betterment of contemporary society. His biography has been included in the 2000 Outstanding Scientists 2008/2009,IBC Foremost Educators and Scientists of the World-2008,International Scientists of the year 2008,Leading Scientists of the world 2008 by the International Biographical Centre, Great Britain on account of remarkable record of accomplishment and outstanding contributions and achievements in the field of Engineering and Technology. The Ministry of Rural Development, New Delhi, has appointed Dr.N.Alagumurthi as a technical expert committee member cum Government of India Representative of Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission. BIO-DATA OF Prof. N. ALAGUMURTHI

How sports influenced my life Essay

I have been participating in sports ever since I was four. Athletics has always been a very big part of my life, and that is the way I love it. I play soccer, volleyball, basketball, and lacrosse for my school, as well as playing travel soccer for the LIJSL. I also enjoy playing softball, football, tennis and any other sport. Partaking in athletics has had an extremely positive influence on my life and my development as a person. For one thing, it has taught me cooperation and teamwork. It has taught me how to be a good leader and to work well under pressure. This has become exceptionally handy during test time. Participating in sports has given me very useful problem solving skills as well as keeping me healthy and in great shape. Most importantly, taking part in sports has given me the confidence that I know I could never live without. Playing sports has helped me make a lot of friends. When I first moved to Stony Brook, I was very shy and did not know anyone. Some of my first friends were from my soccer team. It has also kept me very busy. I feel that this has prevented me from trying drugs and/or alcohol along with teaching me some very important organization skills. Since I spend so much time at practice or games, I have learned to organize and manage my time more efficiently. There is little time to procrastinate. Furthermore, I feel that from being a participant in sports I have developed a great amount of self discipline. Sometimes I just don’t feel like getting up and going to those early morning practices or taking that extra mile when I feel like I can’t go another step. Sports have shown me the importance of making the right choices. Aside from teaching me some very important life skills, being an athlete has opened many doors for my future. After I graduate high school, I plan to go on to college and continue my athletic career. I am hoping to get a scholarship so I can then become a veterinarian or a professional soccer player. In conclusion, I feel that playing sports has not only helped me to become a  better person, but it has also helped me to excel in other areas. I think that athletics is a very important part of my life and I encourage many others to participate too. Most of all, I HAVE FUN! There is nothing more I enjoy than going outside and playing any sport; it doesn’t matter which it might be.

Once Upon a Psychological Theory essays

Once Upon a Psychological Theory essays Many parents read fairy tales to their children. Young people are able to use their imaginations while listening to these fantastical stories. Filled with dragons, witches, damsels in distress, and heroes, these tales stay in the mind children for years to come. However, these young listeners are getting much more than a happy ending. Fairy tales such as The Goose Girl, The Three Little Pigs, Cinderella, and Snow White one can find theories of psychology. Erik Eriksons theories of social development as well as Sigmund Freuds theory of the map of the mind and his controversial Oedipal complex can be found in many fairy tales. Within every fairy tale there lies a hidden lesson in psychology. In 1963, psychoanalyst Erik Erikson developed one of the most comprehensive theories of social development. The theory centers around eight stages of psychological development. One of the stages, autonomy versus shame and doubt, occurs between the ages of one and a half and three years old. In this stage toddlers develop independence if freedom and exploration are encouraged. Autonomy itself means having control over oneself. At any given moment, our behavior, including this sense [autonomy], is influenced by the outer environment and our inner psychological state (Restak 268). If they are overly restricted and protected they develop shame. Shame is the estrangement of being exposed and conscious of being looked at disapprovingly, of wishing to bury ones face or sink into the ground. (Blake 115). The key to developing autonomy over shame and doubt lies in the amount of control. If parents control their children too much the children will not be able to develop their own se nse of control in the environment around them. However, if the parents provide too little control the children will become overly demanding. Gain...

ControversyCollege dorm can have any pets Annotated Bibliography

ControversyCollege dorm can have any pets - Annotated Bibliography Example It appreciates the importance of pets in dorms for some students, describing the adaptation Eckerd College had to make to admit students’ pets. It will contribute to the development of the introduction, particularly describing the types of pets allowed in institutions and in arguing against pets in dorms due to associated lifestyle adaptations. Gahagan, K. â€Å"Pet State: University of Northern Colorado Tests Pet-Friendly Dorm.† Denverpost.com. The Denver Post, 10 Mar. 2014. Web. 23 Feb. 2015. http://www.denverpost.com/homegarden/ci_26656919/pet-state-university-northern-colorado-tests-pet-friendly This news article reports on the adaptation that the University of Northern Colorado had to undertake to admit students with pets. This follows the acknowledgement of the importance of pets for comfort among students. This came with costs such as liability insurance and capital expenditure on buildings. The data cited provides critical evidence to argue for and against specific pets in college dorms. Palazzolo, J. â€Å"Dorms Must Accept ‘Emotional Support’ Dogs, HUD Says.† The Wall Street Journal 16 May 2013. Web. 23 Feb. 2015. http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2013/05/16/dorms-must-accept-emotional-support-dogs-hud-says/ This journal gives facts in support of pet dogs in dorms for students with disabilities. The author cites the obligation pegged on universities by the federal government through the US Department of Housing and Urban development for admission of emotional support animals. This will be a useful source in supporting pets that offer affection and companionship in college dorms for alleviation of existing disabilities among students. Steinberg, J. â€Å"Colleges Extend the Welcome Mat to Students’ Pets.† Nytimes.com. The New York Times, 5 June 2010. Web. 23 Feb. 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/06/education/06pets.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 This online newspaper article gives statistics, supported by examples, of

Media portrayal of plus size women causes young men to believe that Essay

Media portrayal of plus size women causes young men to believe that overweight women are lazy, unattractive, and ignorant - Essay Example I immediately drop the magazine and start doing sit-ups. Can you blame me?† (Maine 90) This woman is not alone. These images do more damage then many people understand. Women who wear large sizes are judged based on their body, not on other attributes. It does not matter how smart, or how funny they are, what kind of person they are, or even how beautiful their face is. What counts is their size, and they will constantly be judged by that. Often the most painful judgment comes from men; they scorn, they catcall, and they chose to ignore women who do not meet the beauty standard. It is through the media, men learn that women must meet the ideal, or they are not valuable. By looking critically at two media forums, television, and magazines, it is clear that the impact media has on men’s understanding of female beauty and value is directly linked to the false image media has imposed upon society. On of the best loved shows on television has had one of the strongest impacts on men’s understanding of beauty. For ten seasons Friends was adored by fans, and still today is on television everyday. Yet time and again comments were made about weight, and even at nine months pregnant Rachel was not allowed to look over a size eight! One of the most shocking moments comes when they do a clip back in history, and the viewer is taken to watch a scene between Ross, Monica and Chandler. When Chandler first meets Monica, Ross introduces her as â€Å"his little sister.† Chandler, noticing her weight comments, â€Å"yeah, okay.† Later, at a different meeting, when Monica has lost weight, he then finds her incredibly attractive. Although she is the same person, what matters is her outside, not her inside. Another show, discontinued in 1997, was Married†¦with Children. About families, the main character, Al Bundy, works as a shoe salesman, and has particularly negative views of large women. There are constant, negative quotes from the show,

Human Resources Administration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Human Resources Administration - Assignment Example The third step is in the wake of understanding that more efforts would be needed to move things from one place to another if unions are formed, and hence it would be a good idea to do away with the same, right from the outset of such understandings. The fourth step is in making the employees comprehend that if they avoid unions, they will reap the rewards themselves because more work will be done in a lesser amount of time, and hence their benefits would be ensured easily. The fifth and last step is in the form of gaining an idea that unions leave a very negative perspective of the company and no employee would like to be seen as a hindrance within the smooth working tenets of an organization. Hence forming unions needs to be avoided at all costs. The reason for choosing these five points is because they give an overall view of how the unions need to be avoided at all costs. It also makes one realize where the negativity creeps in and what needs to be done to make sure that the employees remain steadfast with their respective domains. The cost, time and effort factors are pertinent for any business and should always be thought out of as such. If these aspects are not properly covered, then unions will come in and hence the focus of the organization would shift as a result of the same. Employees would ask for more favors from the organizational tenets and there would be more instances of collective demonstrations and upheaval for all the wrong reasons (Ferris, 2012). From an organizational standpoint, this cannot be tolerated at all because these document how improper the standards of the individuals working within the organizations are at the end of the day. It also dictates the anomaly that comes about for an organization be cause it has to see which employees are loyal to the core, and which ones are creating problems for its business operations,

US History Regional Differences of North and South Essay Example for Free

US History Regional Differences of North and South Essay It seems crucial, in this day and age, that we fully understand the conflicts that occurred within our very own country back in the early developmental phases of the United States. If you have done some traveling within our country you can see the differences with your own eyes but you have to wonder how it all came to be. The conflict of the Northern and Southern regions has had a direct influence on the development of our society in the U. S. nd continues to do so. The South had a very difficult struggle with its social structure and resulted in a shortage of help and in turn resulted in the buying and trading of slaves who were forced to work on their large plantations. The result of the lack of agriculture in the Northern region gave the Southern some advantages and caused an increased need for trade. They sustained trade with Africa and Indians which is known as â€Å"The Triangular Trade†. The South had more of a one-crop-economy which caused a lack of stability in their area since this was directly affected by supply, demand and climate. The Northern region was mainly prosperous, educated, and overall healthy in most cases. This was mainly due to the government that was put in place and the main focus of production and material items. The South did not have the same opportunities as the schooling was limited due to the spread out locations of the people and lack of funding for more schools. Education is the back bone of success in the US. It is quite evident that having two completely opposite ways of life and thinking can lead to a direct influence to how each region viewed the political side of life. The Northern region had the anti-slavery expansion activists known as the Republican party. This group opposed the Southern states which had a dominant group as well known as the Democrats. Both of these parties exist today and are still very opposite in their concepts and methods. I have witnessed the contrast between states myself. An example would be seeing the difference in my job when I transferred from Wyoming to Georgia. I got to see the opposition first hand. The climate, agriculture, religious views, poverty levels, education requirements and wages were almost the complete opposite. I honestly didn’t feel like I was even in the same country. It is amazing to see how our country has so many different viewpoints and lifestyles and how they all stemmed from the early history of our country.

Flu Vaccines: Technology Developments and Effects

Flu Vaccines: Technology Developments and Effects Flu, also known as Influenza, is a contagious viral disease that affects the respiratory system. It is caused by influenza viruses. It is highly infectious unpredictable disease that spreads though secretions of nose and lungs. Flu causes mild to severe illness and sometimes even leads to death. According to U.S. CDC, in an average year, 5 to 20 percent of the U.S. population gets the flu, more than 200,000 people are hospitalized with seasonal flu-related complications and about 36,000 people die from flu-related causes.  [1]   Flu vaccination is one of the best ways to protect the community from the seasonal and pandemic flu effects. Pandemic flu is different from seasonal flu,  [2]  it is a global disease outbreak that usually occurs when a flu strain new to humans emerges and causes widespread illness. The pandemic flu is very dangerous because of newly originated strain to which humans have little pre-existing immunity and vaccines would probably not be available immediately in early stages of pandemics.2 The pandemic outbreaks have potential impact on society causing high levels of illness, death, economic loss and social disruption. Recently in 2009 a novel H1N1 virus emerged which became pandemic. It is estimated that in U.S., approximately 43-89 million persons became ill because of this pandemic H1N1. It also resulted in deaths among children, adults, pregnant and post-partum women. On the other hand seasonal flu form occurs seasonally, usually in winter. Seasonal flu causes significant illness and in some cases death. Annual vaccination: Flu vaccination is most effective way to control and prevent influenza virus infections and severe complications. It is especially important for younger children and people who are at high risk of catching infections. Flu vaccines are available as Flu shot of trivalent inactivated or killed virus (TIV) or Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV) as nasal spray. However, it is impossible to prevent influenza by one time vaccination because Influenza viruses undergo changes from year to year and develop resistance making previously available vaccines ineffective. Therefore scientists make different flu vaccine every year. In addition the immunity developed from having the flu caused by one strain does not always offer protection against new strain. Immunity also declines over time after previous years vaccination and at a point it may be too low to provide protection after year. Hence to combat with changing influenza viruses, vaccination is done every year. Getting seasonal flu vaccin ation offers protection that lasts throughout the year preventing infection and its complications. Vaccine recommendations: The World Health Organization organizes meetings twice a year and recommends inclusion of specific virus strains in Influenza vaccine based on results of surveillance, laboratory and clinical studies, and the availability of vaccine virus strains. Then individual countries make their own decision about inclusion of virus strains in vaccines licensed in their country. In U.S., each year, a panel of experts from agencies such as the FDA and the CDCs Advisory committee on Immunizations Practices (ACIP) studies the available data and decides which three strains of influenza viruses will most likely be active during the next flu season. The selection of vaccine strains for inclusion in seasonal flu vaccine is based on circulating virus strains, how they are spreading, and how well current vaccine strain protects against newly identified strains.  [3]  The ACIP makes written recommendations for administration of vaccines to children and adults. These recommendations include age for administration, doses, dosing interval, precautions and contraindications.  [4]  The seasonal flu vaccine for 2010-2011 offers protection against H3N2 virus, an influenza B virus and pandemic H1N1 virus that emerged in 2009. Vaccine Shortage Issue: There are many issues related to flu vaccines. Among many vaccine shortage is the most noticed every year. A close examination reveals that the shortage for vaccine is not one cause but several. Some of them include high risk of contamination in vaccine production, unpredictable consumer demand, and low profits along with lack of liability protection from costly lawsuits made many manufacturers out of flu vaccine business.  [5]   Most of the companies stopped production of flu vaccine because the demand varies from year to year, as it is always unpredictable and once flu season passes away the remaining stock is useless because a new vaccine is required to deal with changing strains of virus  [6]. According to 2003 report by Institute of Medicine, a unit of National Academy of Sciences, the companies producing vaccines dropped from 30 to 5 in year 2004.6 The companies producing injectable influenza vaccine dropped to two (Chiron Aventis Pasteur) in year 2005.5 Production of flu virus vaccine is very complicated and expensive, but the government keeps price of flu vaccine low. Among the two firms Chiron was forced to shut down its UK plant because of quality control reasons. This resulted in shortage. Another problem is that each year, the U.S. Food and Drug Administrations Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee meets in spring identifies the flu virus strains to be protected by flu vac cine manufactured for that fall-winter flu season.5 This time gap between committees decision and following flu season allows manufactures to make vaccines but the flu strains can undergo changes by the time vaccines are manufactured for flu season. Thus it is difficult to determine for what strains of flu virus vaccine should be made which may end up with vaccine shortage for specific flu season. In 2003 committee voted to include the Panama flu virus in vaccine for the 2003-04 flu seasons, excluding Fujian flu mutant virus, a more virulent but less prevalent at that time. But the winters flu outbreak consisted almost entirely of the Fujian strain. CDC without noticing it recommended widespread vaccination which did not protect the public against the prevalent flu strain. The CDC later admitted the vaccine had no or low effectiveness against ILI (influenza-like illness). Latest development in flu vaccine research: The outbreak of pandemic flu has motivated increase in flu research The recent advancement in field of flu vaccine research is development of Universal flu vaccines. Scientist Dr. Sarah Gilbert and team at Oxford Jenner Institute developed universal flu vaccine that target proteins inside flu that are common across all strains and tested on humans infected with flu  [7]. Gilbert used 11 healthy volunteers for her study and vaccinated and then infected them along with 11 non-vaccinated volunteers. Upon careful monitoring there has been dramatic increase in T-cell count in vaccinated subjects which play important role in producing immune response, protecting against viral infections. Researchers of University of Adelaide, Dr. Darren Miller and his colleagues, have trialled a universal synthetic flu vaccine in mice which is another step closer to development of a universal flu vaccine. It is derived synthetically which does not require annual reformulation which would be advantageous to control and prevent flu. Dr. Miller used specific peptides derived from noses of mice to trigger an immune response to a tiny region of flu virus that is present in all influenza A and B viruses, which effectively neutralizes the virus.  [8]   The studies have shown that test vaccine provided mice with 100% protection against a laboratory strain of H3N2 and 20% protection against a highly pathogenic bird flu virus.8 This positive response provides scope for further laboratory and clinical testing. Economics of Flu vaccination: Economic studies indicate that flu vaccination reduces healthcare, societal, and individual costs and also productive losses associated with influenza illness.  [9]  A study of a larger population comparing persons aged 5064 years with those aged à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥65 years estimated the cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination to be $28,000 per QALY saved (in 2000 dollars) in persons aged 5064 years compared with $980 per QALY saved among persons aged à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥65 years (393).Two studies in the United States indicated that vaccination can reduce both direct medical costs and indirect costs from work absenteeism and reduced productivity (79,394). Latest flu pandemics and their effect on the Regulatory world: The pandemic flu is unpredictable, spreads rapidly world wide affecting large proportions of the human population. There have been three influenza pandemics of which the recent one was the 2009 flu pandemic. This occurred first in Mexico, March 2009 caused by pandemic H1N1/09 virus also referred to as swine flu. It is subtype of Influenza A virus. On 10th of August 2010, the Director General of WHO announced that H1N1 pandemic virus has moved into post-pandemic period.  [10]  CDC estimated that nearly a 1 million cases of 2009 H1N1 pandemic flu had occurred in United States. The pandemic H1N1 flu cases doubled in many countries from mid-June 2009 to early July 2009. According to WHO statistics, 18,000 deaths were reported because of H1N1. This outbreak resulted in extraordinary illness throughout the world with increased demand for vaccination against the swine flu virus in a short time. The pandemics put intense burden on the regulatory authorities as vaccines have to be made available globally to meet the increased demands. Regulatory agencies adopted procedures for accelerated approval of vaccines against swine flu. In U.S., FDA expanded its capacity to expedite development, evaluation and licensing of additional flu vaccines and manufacturing facilities to meet pandemic preparedness needs  [11]. CBER has issued guidelines encouraging vaccine manufacturers to explore cell-culture and recombinant techniques, and to incorporate biological integrators, such as immune response, into their product-development designs.  [12]  The outbreak of pandemic flu also has increased collaboration among foreign regulatory agencies to share vaccine safety information and experiences and mount a coordinated response to the emer gency. Beta Lactam Antibiotics: Examples and Uses Beta Lactam Antibiotics: Examples and Uses The beta-lactam antibiotics for their extensive scale of actions are preferred most among antimicrobial factors. The penicillins and cephalosporins are the two categories of this ÃŽ ² lactam antibodies that are extraordinarily less toxic to organisms.(1) At present ,the ÃŽ ²-lactam groups of antibiotics are the highest frequently used universal antibiotics .(2) Cellular membrane of most bacteria enclosed by a cell wall but an extra outermost layer seen on some of them. The periplasmic space in gram negative bacteria is the cavity in the middle of the cell membrane and the cell wall. Periplasm instead of a clearly defined periplasmic space is retained by most gram positive bacteria .(3) But peptidoglycan is the greatest significant element of the cell wall that linked as a new cell by way of the metabolic absorption in periplasm is a polymer made of N-acetyl muramic acid alternating with N-acetyl glucosamine.Arises of the bacterial cell that is actually a process of peptidoglycan synthesis where accumulation of 5 amino acids to N-acetyl muramic acid is one of the leading phases. A precursor of peptidoglycan that conducted by a cell wall acceptor crossway the cell membrane in the periplasm and developed by linking N-acetyl glucosamine to the N-acetyl muramic acid . Generous crosslinking occurs for two key enzymes (trans peptidase and D-alanyl carboxypeptidase) and for the capacity to bind penicillins and cephalosporins, they are recognized as the penicillin binding proteins. B4 Development of cell wall by cross linking of a number of films of peptidoglycan grounds numerous layers and a much denser cell wall in gram positive bacteria than gram negative bacteria. Beta-lactam ring attach enzymes to cross-link peptidoglycans, that is a chemical structure which is available in the beta-lactam antibiotics consist of all penicillins and cephalosporins. Synthesis of bacterial cell wall is prevented by the affect of beta-lactam when transpeptidase and D-alanyl carboxypeptidase enzymes are attaching there by means of cross-linking and cause deterioration of bacterial cell wall.b5 As a bactericidal agents the antibiotic-penicillin binding protein complex of beta-lactam antibiotics excites autolysin discharge that have the capability of digest cell wall that left after bursting a cell. Generally, excessive inner osmotic pressure possessed by gram positive bacteria and in a low osmotic pressure enclosed atmosphere , cells those are lack of a usual and rigid cell wall are burst out.b6 There are many different types of methods of that bacteria became reistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Transformation is one of the most important mechanisms among them and in the mean time of this process transfer of chromosomal genes between bacterium happens. Due to the death of a a resistance gene in a bacterium releasing of naked DNA in surrounding environment happens. a process known as homologous transformation and by this method the resistance gene in the host bacteria transferred from the naked DNA to the chromosome. the segment of the host DNA have been remodelled by resistance genes results altered penicillin binding proteins production by coding for cross-linking enzymes. But still cross linking of the peptidoglycan layers of the cell wall happens due to these altered penicillin binding proteins and reduces affinity for beta-lactam antibiotics and the bacterium became resistance. In penicillin-resistant S. pneumonia, this process caused the acquirement of genes from othe r naturally arising penicillin-resistant Streptococcus species. Bacteria grow into resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics by one more significant system is by the construction of enzymes capable of deactivating or altering the drug formerly it has a chance to apply its outcome on the bacteria.   peni The first human gammaretrovirus that is Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) and responsible for chronic fatigue syndrome and prostate cancer (PC) have been revealed in recent times. Gammaretroviruses family is famous for their capability to activate cancer in the infested hosts. Analyzing study showed that vaccine-induced XMRV Env -specific binding and neutralizing antibodies (NAb) titers had limited span but highly changeable. in antibody levels, the different incidence stated for XMRV in a number of prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome cohorts can be explained by the reasonably fast diminution . (2) Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have exceptional therapeutic applications in ophthalmology and can be used therapeutically by binding to molecular objects with high specificity. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF), epithelial growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor, basic fibroblast growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor, and cluster of differentiation antigens repressed by a number of single-agent therapies. Existing and future mAbs in contrast to different cytokines were evaluated for ocular disease treatment and two anti-VEGF mAbs( bevacizumab and ranibizumab), and three anti-TNF agents (infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab), instruct ocular neovascularization and intraocular inflammation. Other mAbs showed positive results for ocular lymphoma or ocular inflammation but Ranibizumab is the only FDA-approved therapy. Intravenous application of mAbs has established satisfactory toxicity profiles, while intraocular injection may decrease the chances of systemic complications . To develop the excellence and extent of responses is the challenge for the future by merging biologic therapies while lessening side effects. 2i Leading causes of death in the world for coronary syndromes, stroke and other ischaemic arterial diseases . Therapy involves with medical actions correlating thrombolysis, antiplatelet drugs, and the re-opening of the coronary artery by angioplasty. In ischaemic cardiovascular diseases, platelet initiation is a acute phase . Chimeric Fab, c7E3 or abciximab is the only one recombinant antithrombotic antibody currently used in therapy and obstructs the ultimate phase of platelet aggregation. Subendothelium matrix activation by other platelet receptors have been recognized as prospective targets for the improvement of antithrombotic antibodies .2ii In drug development, insulin-like growth factor receptor I (IGF-IR) is becoming an attractive target. IGF-IR owed confined homology to insulin receptor and its specificity permits to distinguish between the two receptors. Recently there are some ongoing on IGF-IR and ongoing clinical trials on anti-IGF-IR monoclonal antibodies and combined treatments. 2iii